Zusammenfassung
Summary
We recall briefly the early history of the notion and the measurement of vertical deflections. For this purpose we also use the contemporary report of Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, covering the efforts of the French expedition into the Andes (1735–1744) and the results of Nevil Maskelyne in Scotland (1774). The main topic of the present paper is the investigation of an early determination of the vertical deflection in continental Europe – probably the first there. When Gauß obtained a geodetic latitude of the Mt. Brocken (Hercynia) within his triangulation in 1823, he recognized a difference of 10″ to Zach’s value of the astronomical latitude (1803). He thought that a deflection of the vertical was causing it. We proved that conjecture with help of later astronomic-geodetic measurements and confirmed the vertical deflection nearly exact within the supposed value.